Richard Macrory

University College London

Richard Macrory was the UK's first professor of environmental law, and is currently based in the Faculty of Laws, University College London where he founded the Centre for Law and the Environment. Professor Macrory has been a board member of the Environment Agency and was a member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 1991 ' 2003. He has also been a specialist advisor to Select Committees in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. He is a Bencher of Grays Inn. In 2006 he was appointed by the Cabinet Office for lead a Review on Regulatory Sanctions covering nearly all areas of business regulation. All the recommendations in his Review were accepted by Government. Important new powers for regulators resulting from his Review are now contained in Part 3 of the Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008.

Contributed to

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Environmental civil sanctions—variable monetary penalties

Practice notes

This Practice Note outlines variable monetary penalties (VMP), a type of civil sanction, under the Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 (RESA 2008), which can be used instead of prosecution. This Practice Note considers the standard of proof required before imposing a VMP, whether any maximum VMP cap applies, how VMPs are calculated, the procedure for imposing a VMPs, such as service of a notice of intent, the recipient’s right to make representations and objections, use of third party undertakings, final notice, appeals, relief against criminal conviction, enforcement costs recovery notices and information on what the income from VMPs is used for.

Environment