This Practice Note explains the powers that the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), Scotland’s principal environmental regulator, has to investigate and prosecute environmental crime in Scotland. It covers SEPA’s enforcement policy and guidance and provides an overview of its enforcement powers under the Environment Act 1995. The practice note also considers the statutory notices SEPA can issue for non-compliance or negative environmental impacts and enforcement measures available under the Regulatory Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 , including fixed monetary penalties, variable monetary penalties and enforcement undertakings. The note also looks at when compliance failure may result in prosecution and summarises the powers that can be used by SEPA’s officers when carrying out enforcement activity.