This Practice Note looks specifically at the two key criminal offences introduced by the Pension Schemes Act 2021 which came into force on 1 October 2021, namely ‘avoidance of employer debt’ and ‘risking accrued scheme benefits’, including who they apply to, what types of activity will be caught, when they can be prosecuted, and what constitutes a reasonable excuse, as well as their impact on the sponsoring employers and trustees of defined benefit pension schemes.