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GLOSSARY

Federation definition

What does Federation mean?

A formal, legal partnership of two or more schools.

A group of schools treated as a single school, with a single governing body, see the School Governance (Federations) (England) Regulations 2012 (SI 2012/1035). Two or more maintained schools may form a federation under the Education Act 2002 s 24. An existing federation may 'federate' with another existing federation, or with an unfederated school. The school premises are expected to remain as they were, but the schools in the federation are thereafter governed by a single governing body, with a single instrument of government.

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EU EMIR—timeline

EU EMIR—timeline This timeline shows key developments relating to Regulation (EU) 648/2012 (EU EMIR) from January 2024 onwards. For earlier developments, see European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR)—timeline [Archived]. 2025 Date Source Document Description 8 April 2025 ESMA ESMA consults on clearing thresholds under EMIR 3 The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) has published a consultation paper on new clearing thresholds under the review of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EU) 2024/2987 (EMIR 3) —part of ESMA's mandate to develop regulatory technical standards (RTS) on clearing thresholds. The paper seeks input on revised clearing thresholds, hedging exemptions for non-financial counterparties, and a trigger mechanism for reviewing the thresholds. The focus is on a revised clearing threshold methodology on the activity in over the counter (OTC) derivatives not cleared at an authorised or recognised central counterparty (CCP). The aim is to ensure a proportionate clearing obligation regime for entities with significant OTC derivatives activity and large uncleared positions. Responses are due by 16 June 2025, with a final report...

Checklist: British Property Federation engagement protocol and red flags for company voluntary arrangements

Checklist: British Property Federation engagement protocol and red flags for company voluntary arrangements The British Property Federation (BPF) is an industry group for the UK real estate industry and strongly encourages prospective proposers of a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) and their nominees to consult with the BPF in advance of a CVA proposal being distributed. This allows representatives of the landlord community to identify particular issues within a CVA that may need to be addressed, and therefore helps to maximise the likelihood of approval. This engagement should (say the BPF) be in addition to—and not a substitute for—engagement with individual landlords (or groups of them) in relation to matters specific to them. The BPF protocol includes a statement of best-practice, which details how they expect companies to engage with the BPF on potential CVAs. Part of this guidance is a list of what the BPF believes to be the top 10 ‘red-flag’ clauses for landlords. The BPF cautions any prospective landlord voting on a proposed CVA to look out for...

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Categories of schools

Education law treats different categories of school in different ways. The management systems of the school, its funding and the procedures for opening, closing or altering the school all depend on its category.The first level of categorisation distinguishes schools into three groups:•independent schools (commonly referred to as private schools)•academies and free schools, and•maintained schoolsFurther categorising divides schools by their ownership, by their pupil age ranges and by other selectivities of pupil intake.Many schools make no reference at all to these categories in their school name, on their website or when erecting signs at the school gate. The Department for Education (DfE) maintains a searchable online register of schools and colleges in England which provides information on each establishment, including the school type.Schools defined by their fundingAn independent school is defined as a school at which full-time education is provided for five or more pupils of ‘compulsory school age’, or for at least one child with an education, health and care (EHC) plan or a statement of special needs (in Wales)...

School governance

The constitutions of maintained schoolsEvery maintained school in England (including every maintained nursery school) has a governing body, which is a statutory corporation. The membership of the governing body is determined according to its instrument of government, which records (among other things) the name of the school, its category (eg voluntary aided or community) and the numbers of each type of school governor who are to form its governing body. Under the School Governance (Constitution) (England) Regulations 2012, SI 2012/1034, instruments of government are drafted by the governors (although in practice, local authority or Diocesan, etc lawyers or education officers usually draft the instruments for approval) and are then ‘made’ by the local authority. Copies of the instrument must be provided to every governor and associate member of the governing body of the school, the head teacher and any diocesan authority, foundation or religious body (if relevant).See Practice Note: Categories of schools.Two or more maintained schools in England may form a federation. An existing federation may ‘federate’ with another existing...

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UDRP complaint

UDRP complaint [ IMPORTANT NOTE ] [This guide refers to the model complaint provided by WIPO (https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/complainant/) in accordance with the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the Policy), approved by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) on October 24, 1999, the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute resolution Policy (the Rules), approved by ICANN on September 28, 2013, and in effect as of July 31, 2015, and the WIPO Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the Supplemental Rules) in effect as of July 31, 2015. There are various alternative UDRP regimes that may apply to a particular disputed domain. It is important that you check that one of these alternative regimes does not apply. For example, both .nl (Netherlands) and .ir (Iran) ccTLDs are subject to their own UDRP variations (and in Iran’s case, occasionally subject to important sanctions regimes–check that it is permitted to own and trade via a particular ccTLD), with separate procedural considerations. See https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld/nl/index.html and...

Model commercial leases

Model commercial leases Model Commercial Leases Several leading property owners and associations have, over time, sought to develop standardised, plain-English forms of commercial leases. The Model

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SPF comments on Scottish Parliament vote to add PBSA rent controls to Housing Bill

The Scottish Property Federation (SPF) has published commentary on the amendments to the Housing (Scotland) Bill, passed by the Scottish Parliament, which introduce rent controls for purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA). The SPF expressed concerns that these amendments could disrupt investment in much-needed new student accommodation and further limit the availability of accommodation for students. The SPF has committed to continue engaging with Members of the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government as the Bill progresses.

Court of Justice of the EU rules on (un)fairness of profit-sharing clause in minor athlete’s contract

EU Law analysis: In a landmark ruling, the Court of Justice recently affirmed the applicability of EU consumer protection law to contracts involving minors in the sports industry. The court found that a contractual term obliging a young athlete to transfer part of his income to a sports talent agency if he becomes a professional athlete may be considered unfair under Directive 93/13/EEC, the EU Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive (EU UTCCD), if the clause is not plain and intelligible as regards the financial consequences of the commitment. The Court of Justice remains true to its principles on consumer protection issues and emphasizes once again the transparency requirement. As promising talents are being recruited at ever earlier ages, the decision is likely to have significant implications for practitioners particularly in the sports sector but also beyond the industry. While the Court of Justice generally allows such contracts and finds that a disproportion between the provided service and the remuneration does not lead to unfairness per se, talent development professionals...

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